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is now so prevalent, high school and college educators say, that to assign writing outside of the classroom is like asking students to cheat.

"The cheating is off the charts. It's the worst I've seen in my entire career," says Casey Cuny, who has taught English for 23 years. Educators no longer wonder if students will outsource schoolwork to AI chatbots. "Anything you send home, you have to assume is being AI'ed."

The question now is how schools can adapt, because many of the teaching and assessment tools used for generations are no longer effective. As rapidly improves and becomes more entwined with daily life, it transforms how students learn and study and how teachers teach. It also creates new confusion over what constitutes academic dishonesty.

"We have to ask ourselves, what is cheating?" says Cuny, a 2024 recipient of California's Teacher of the Year award. "Because I think the lines are getting blurred."

Cuny's students at Valencia High School in southern California now do most writing in class. He monitors student laptop screens from his desktop, using software that lets him "lock down" their screens or block access to certain sites. He's also integrating AI into his lessons and teaching students how to use AI as a study aid "to get kids learning with AI instead of cheating with AI."

In rural Oregon, high school teacher Kelly Gibson made a similar shift to in-class writing. She incorporates more verbal assessments to have students talk through their understanding of assigned reading.

"I used to give a writing prompt and say, 'In two weeks, I want a five-paragraph essay,'" she said. "These days, I can't do that. That's almost begging teenagers to cheat."

Take, for example, a once typical high school English assignment: Write an essay that explains the relevance of social class in "The Great Gatsby." Many students say their first instinct is now to ask ChatGPT for help "brainstorming." Within seconds, ChatGPT yields a list of essay ideas, plus examples and quotes to back them up. The chatbot ends by asking if it can do more: "Would you like help writing any part of the essay? I can help you draft an introduction or outline a paragraph!"

Students uncertain when AI use is out of bounds

Students say they often turn to AI with good intentions for things like research, editing or . However, AI offers unprecedented temptation, and it's sometimes hard to know where to draw the line.

College sophomore Lily Brown, a psychology major at an East Coast liberal arts school, relies on ChatGPT to help outline essays because she struggles putting the pieces together herself. ChatGPT also helped her through a freshman philosophy class, where assigned reading "felt like a different language" until she read AI summaries of the texts.

"Sometimes I feel bad using ChatGPT to summarize reading, because I wonder, is this cheating? Is helping me form outlines cheating?" she said. "If I write an essay in my own words and ask how to improve it, or when it starts to edit my essay, is that cheating?"

Her class syllabi say things like: "Don't use AI to write essays and to form thoughts," she says, but that leaves a lot of gray area. Students say they often shy away from asking teachers for clarity because admitting to any AI use could flag them as a cheater.

Schools tend to leave AI policies to teachers, which often means rules vary widely in the same school. Some educators, for example, welcome the use of , an AI-powered writing assistant, to check grammar. Others forbid it, noting the tool also offers to rewrite sentences.

"Whether you can use AI or not depends on each classroom. That can get confusing," Valencia 11th grader Jolie Lahey said. She credits Cuny with teaching her sophomore English class a variety of AI skills such as how to upload study guides to ChatGPT and have the chatbot quiz them, and then explain problems they got wrong.

This year, her teachers have strict "No AI" policies. "It's such a helpful tool. And if we're not allowed to use it that just doesn't make sense," Lahey says. "It feels outdated."

Schools introduce guidelines

Many schools initially banned use of AI after ChatGPT launched in late 2022. Since then, views on the role of artificial intelligence in education shifted dramatically. The term "AI literacy" became a buzzword of the back-to-school season, with a focus on how to balance the strengths of AI with its risks and challenges.

Over the summer, several colleges and universities convened their AI task forces to or provide faculty with new instructions.

The University of California, Berkeley, emailed all faculty new guidance that instructs them to "include a clear statement on their syllabus about course expectations" on AI use and offered three sample statements — for courses that require AI, ban AI in and out of class, or allow some AI use.

"In the absence of such a statement, students may be more likely to use these technologies inappropriately," the email said, stressing that AI is "creating new confusion about what might constitute legitimate methods for completing student work."

Carnegie Mellon University saw a huge uptick in academic responsibility violations due to AI, but often students aren't aware they've done anything wrong, says Rebekah Fitzsimmons, chair of the AI faculty advising committee at the university's Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy.

For example, one student who is learning English wrote an assignment in his native language and used DeepL, an AI-powered translation tool, to translate his work to English. He didn't realize the platform also altered his language, which was flagged by an AI detector.

Enforcing academic integrity policies became more complicated, since use of AI is hard to spot and even harder to prove, Fitzsimmons said. Faculty are allowed flexibility when they believe a student unintentionally crossed a line, but are now more hesitant to point out violations because they don't want to accuse students unfairly. Students worry that if they are falsely accused, there is no way to prove their innocence.

Over the summer, Fitzsimmons helped draft detailed new guidelines for students and faculty that strive to create more clarity. Faculty have been told a blanket ban on AI "is not a viable policy" unless instructors make changes to the way they teach and assess students. A lot of faculty are doing away with take-home exams. Some have returned to pen and paper tests in class, she said, and others have moved to "flipped classrooms," where homework is done in class.

Emily DeJeu, who teaches communication courses at Carnegie Mellon's business school, has eliminated writing assignments as homework and replaced them with in-class quizzes done on laptops in "a lockdown browser" that blocks students from leaving the quiz screen.

"To expect an 18-year-old to exercise great discipline is unreasonable," DeJeu said. "That's why it's up to instructors to put up guardrails."